Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Activities Management - Essay Example Not at all like in ventures, in tasks one needs to ordinarily stay with their choices. In activity the executives, there is lastingness in tasks. A ceaseless procedure in the shop like buying and selling of merchandise is viewed as an activity. The great highlights that can be embraced from venture the board can be joined with tasks the executives in order to have a superior and effective style of the board (Olivia, 2011:59). As indicated by Wilson (2012:178) declares that tasks can be dissected at three levels; stream between procedures, assets, and activities. Activities the board includes the arranging, sorting out, coordinating, and controlling the way toward uniting individuals, materials, hardware, and techniques to achieve a wide scope of operational undertakings in the most savvy way. At each purpose of activities the executives, information and expectations are normally moved for the usage of conveyed work. Its event is through the exchange of undertaking assets to sound act ivities towards the finish of the activity (Arnas, Jabbour, and Saltorato, 2013:89). The paper is will be going to examine the sound activities the executives for associations in order to productivity and vital purposes and how upgrades of tasks are required to keep up quality and stay serious in a globalized domain. Tasks the executives Efficient administration of activities is of most extreme significance for both the endurance and achievement of any firm. To guarantee that the association stays serious in the worldwide business condition, it must guarantee a savvy activities the executives procedure inside the association. Also, the supervisory crew is to be acquainted with the world class operational rules and is to actualize them to be viable. The tasks the board procedure incorporates: looking at significant operational exercises; structuring and arranging items and administrations; starting and keeping up item or administration choice; creating financially savvy operational p rocedures and techniques; assessing the appropriate gear utilized in the activities; creating practical tasks arranging and control frameworks; lastly creating and executing a material and flexibly chain the executives (Meredith and Mantel, 2011:117-118). Apparently, numerous assignments we do ordinary give off an impression of being anything but difficult to deal with yet they are extremely perplexing in nature, yet the dullness and their recognition shroud their unpredictability. As an outcome, most true issues require complex strategies from the outset presentation, yet their refinement is covered up as they become natural (Slack, Brandon-Jones, and Johnson, 2011:458-470). Activity is a transformational procedure that includes worth with the end goal that the estimation of the yield has a budgetary worth that is more prominent than the whole of sources of info. The ongoing headway in innovation has empowered the improved the completing of different tasks (Waltes, 2005:162). This is accomplished through a coordinated worth chain. It is a lot of exercises that make and guarantee the conveyance of items to the customer. The customary worth chain involved the maker, distributer, retailer, lastly the purchaser not at all like the new chain which includes producer, e-retailer and the customer (Kousholt, 2007:90). The web based activities advances; progressively effective procedures, an extended flexibly chain, minimal effort of materials, better dynamic edge work, increasingly proficient procedures, extended gracefully chains, globalization, and better approaches for working together. The advantages of the web based organizations have different

Exercises in Identifying Subjects and Verbs

A history of violence

â€Å"A history of violence† is a film which presents a universe of â€Å"monsters† that has a nearness which isn't felt until the â€Å"monsters† develop enthusiastically. The film centers around the need of viciousness and the way in which it devastates and in a similar time spares humankind. The entire film focuses immediately character of the world. It is the great topic: a battle among great and evil.The question which Cronenberg’s film raised is whether â€Å"the rough nature is essentially an evil† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_(film)). The fundamental character from â€Å"A history of violence†, Tom Stall (entertainer Viggo Mortensen), is a delicate family man, exceptionally infatuated with his significant other. He is assaulted in his supper by two culprits which he inevitably kills.He turns into a legend however in a similar time his covered up past is beginning to uncover. It is uncovered that Tom fled from th e impulse of brutality however this intuition from which he ran, at long last spared his life. He realized how to react to brutality with savagery. This is a message to a world in witch savagery appears to be generally present and underlines that in this sort of world no one can get by without the intuition of brutality. In this manner the human instinct gets double; it is isolated among adoration and hate.It is a background marked by viciousness in light of the fact that the film presents: the past of Tom Stall who used to work for the horde, his name was Joey Cusack, yet surrendered on the grounds that he didn’t need to be on that side of the general public, at that point the current witch presents Tom as a serene, family fellow who currently battles to unravel his past issues so as to ensure his dear family, and the future which is anticipated by Tom’s high school sun Jack who is aggressed by menaces at school and he generally abstained from battling them., this imp lying savagery will never stop to be a genuine mean of surviving.Tom is a character who didn’t appreciate executing, disregarding this he is compelled to slaughter. Savagery is required so as to continue living. He conceals his past from his family. He battles to shroud his brutal side. Huge are the words expressed by an outsider in regards to Tom: â€Å"you are making a decent attempt to be this other person, it’s difficult to watch†.No matter the amount Tom attempts to shroud the brutal side it emerges when it is required. His capacity to battle with the culprits rises up out of some place profound and evidently can not be controlled. It is an inquiry whether human beasts are conceived or prepared to be violent.It is evident that people are worked from two sections: the fierce one and serene one. History showed that the rough part was not in the slightest degree missing. It is a steady inside battle to adjust savagery and harmony. It can never be one without t he other. Harmony was constantly acquired with the assistance of savagery, and peacefulness was broken by violence.Tom is a character who shrouds his past. He turned into a family man after he got away from the crowd. These realities made him according to his locale a man with twofold identity.The people group came to know a side of Toms’ that they were never mindful of. During the plot Tom transforms, he abandons great to terrible and the other way around. Individuals can change, an alternate character is conceived, and new character qualities are framed as individuals grow up. An individual character is significant in light of the fact that it puts an individual into society. Tom is Joey, Joey is Tom, they are very much the same individual, one is from the past and one is the present, those two people need to exist together at long last, it can not be one without the other on the grounds that both are a piece of the equivalent person.There is something dim and strange in al l of us. There are concealed pieces of the human character that can get uncovered and stun everybody.There are different translations of David Cronenberg’s film. It is a portrayal of the long history of savagery and its legacy from age to age. Viciousness was and is utilized as an instrument for settling questions, it’s a â€Å"Darwinian evolution† in which more grounded living being supplant the more fragile once. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_ (film)).BIBLIOGRAPHY:International Movie Database http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0399146/usercommentsWikipedia     <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Violence_(film) Â

The Impacts Of Aids Essay Example for Free

The Impacts Of Aids Essay In spite of the fact that the AIDS pandemic has happened in a period when social moderates have been politically predominant in most Western social orders expanding the shame against gay people and homosexuality, it has likewise converted into a lot more prominent acknowledgment of the gay network and a gay development, in most Western majority rule governments. As the 1980s advanced, the gay and lesbian network progressively understood the overwhelming effect of AIDS on gay men. The complex of maladies called AIDS was first found among gay men in 1981. From the principal second the gay male network got mindful of AIDS (which was first called GRIDâ€gay-related resistant insufficiency), it reacted strategically. Before the finish of the mid year in 1981, a gathering of gay men had just met at creator Larry Kramers condo in New York City and had built up the Gay Mens Health Crisis (GMHC)â€the biggest AIDS association in the nation today. It isn't, obviously, gay people who are in danger for AIDS yet rather the individuals who practice certain types of risky sex. This qualification among conduct and personality, which frequently appears to be scholarly, is in actuality imperative to a normal comprehension of AIDS. Since the media and people in general for the most part don't make these differentiations, gay and AIDS have become conflated, with the goal that the open impression of homosexuality turns out to be to a great extent indistinct from its view of AIDS. This, thusly, has two results: (1) It causes superfluous victimization each one of the individuals who are distinguished as gay and lesbians, and (2) it likewise implies that individuals who are not seen (and don't see themselves) as participating in high-hazard practices can deny that they are in danger of HIV contamination. As the gay development developed during the 1970s, be that as it may, it set increasingly solid expectations of governments, squeezing for antidiscrimination laws and for monetary help for gay associations and exercises. Yet, in enormous part, the gay development held an ill-disposed relationship with the legislature, a relationship made conceivable due to the developments accentuation on self-attestation (coming out) and testing social shame. This changed with the presence of AIDS. Requests for government-supported research were first made by New Yorks Gay Mens Health Crisis, the main network based AIDS association. What's more, the requests have not halted there: Governments are approached to help inquire about, quiet consideration, administrations, and instruction programs. Unavoidably such requests include gay cooperation in the procedures of governmentâ€policy-production, participation on contact boards of trustees, everyday contact with civil servants, etc. Be that as it may, the procedure has been two-way. Governments have comprehended that to inquire about the malady, to give the essential administrations, and to realize the conduct changes (essential counteraction) accepted to be the best methodologies against the spread of the ailment, contact with the most influenced bunches is required. Helps has along these lines constrained governments to perceive associations they had recently overlooked, and this has brought about reinforced gay associations, regularly with the assistance of state assets. As a speculation, the reaction of gay gatherings and those working in neighborhood AIDS training and promotion programs has been to push huge scope instruction about essential anticipation, while moderate clinical, political, and strict figures have underlined across the board testing for the HIV immune response and prohibitive enactment. The issue of testing for HIV antibodies among high-hazard populaces has been a significant discussion in most Western nations. Helps associations have for the most part contended that huge scope testing is bothersome and that compulsory testing of high-chance gatherings will urge those contaminated with the AIDS infection go underground out of the standard of human services and training. As the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) contended: The experience of the gay communityâ€the just gathering where noteworthy avoidance and hazard decrease programs have taken placeâ€demonstrates that instruction and guiding, not testing, are basic to evolving conduct. Not every person needs or wants to know his/her counter acting agent status. Nobody ought to be constrained into that position, especially given the possibly serious social, lawful and monetary repercussions of testing. The NGLTFs hostile to testing position is additionally reinforced by the way that test outcomes regularly acquire bogus positives for the nearness of HIV antibodies. It is anything but difficult to depict this argument about testing as one that pits general wellbeing advocates against defenders of gay rights. Truly, the question focuses on various originations of general wellbeing: Those who contradict compulsory testing are worried that the dread of separation coming about because of seropositive outcomes will constrain those most in danger to keep away from required testing, directing, and contact with help administrations. It is essential to comprehend the degree to which separation (genuine and saw) against AIDS transporters is a factor, and how it is reinforced each time a lawmaker or strict figure discusses isolate or segregation. Certain sorts of segregation are defended in light of a legitimate concern for general wellbeing, and sensible individuals can differ about the balanceâ€as was valid in the extended discussion in San Francisco concerning the gay bathhouses. Be that as it may, barely any sicknesses in late history have prompted the same number of tough proposition to confine the privileges of those influenced, and much less have prompted claims for oppression all individuals from high-chance gatherings, regardless of whether they were in reality sick or infectious. Dread of AIDS has inspired a welter of nonsensical responses dependent on the generalizing of gay people. The U.S. Equity Department has decided that people with AIDS might be excused from their occupations as a result of dread of transmission, even where such feelings of trepidation are not therapeutically upheld; some state courts and councils, notwithstanding, have taken a contrary position. Dread of AIDS was conjured by the territory of Georgia in its effective resistance of its antisodomy law under the watchful eye of the Supreme Court in 1986. Various governments (counting the United States) have looked to make proof of HIV-immune response free (noncarrier) status a prerequisite for movement or even section; in West Germany this arrangement has prompted an unpleasant debate between the Interior and Health services. Dread of and threatening vibe toward those with AIDS most plainly covers with increasingly summed up homophobia in the endeavors by certain legislators and various fundamentalists to utilize the pestilence to contend against gay rights. According to the strict right, AIDS is truly seen as an undeniable chance to invert social perspectives toward homosexuality, which have developed progressively lenient over the previous decade; in English-talking nations especially, fundamentalists have conjured fire-and-brimstone talk to contend that AIDS is proof of Gods anger. Gay gatherings have immediately realized which parts of the political framework are generally agreeable to pressure; in the United States, at a national level, this has included working through the courts (an immense number of AIDS-related cases are as of now working their way through the legal framework) and, particularly, thoughtful individuals from Congress. Among the gatherings generally influenced by AIDS, just the gay people have had the option to assemble and verbalize political requests. The publics view of the sickness consequently keeps on being more firmly connected with gay people than its the study of disease transmission recommends. In the United States this is additionally muddled by racial divisions and intravenous medication use, as a far higher extent of AIDS cases that are not explicitly transmitted are found among blacks and Hispanics than among whites. Indeed, even now one component of AIDS associations is the under portrayal of non-white individuals, including gay people. Indeed, even in nations where this isn't an issue, the predominance of AIDS as an issue makes the hole between gay ladies and men progressively increasingly hard to connect; albeit numerous lesbians are intensely engaged with AIDS work, most gay ladies can't relate to AIDS as a focal issue in the manner valid for some gay men. Helps has assembled progressively gay men into political and network associations, in spite of the fact that not into explicit exhibits and walks, than some other occasion in the short history of the gay development. In each significant city of the United States, Canada, Australasia, and the greater part of northern Europe, the presence of AIDS has driven a large number of gay men (and others) to chip in projects of care, backing, advising, and training. In any case, this thusly makes a few issues: It strengthens the publics misperception of the causal connection among AIDS and homosexuality; it powers different issues off the gay developments plan and hoards its consideration; and it makes new pressures as reliance on government and the rise of another class of AIDS specialists prompts developing strains inside the development. One could in certainty set that AIDS has made a move in the initiative of the gay development, complementing the pattern toward pioneers who can guarantee proficient mastery rather than extremist credentialsâ€a move effectively under path during the late 1970s. This has been generally clear in the ascent to unmistakable quality of transparently gay clinical specialists, who have had the option to utilize their expert abilities and sexual personality to guarantee a specific authenticity according to government; bunches like the American Physicians for Human Rights have gotten noticeable inside the gay development to a great extent as a result of the pandemic. In any case, the new authority additionally incorporates those gifted in administrative and bureaucratic campaigning, and one result of this move has been to lessen the representativeness of initiative regarding class, race, and age. Watching the gay development, AIDS has changed the development in manners none of us could have foreseen in the a lot headier days of the 1970s. Clearly the stakes are higher: However devil

Problem Solving Skills of the Employees-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the Problem comprehending abilities of the Employees. Answer: Presentation Critical thinking aptitude of the workers is the most significant trademark that businesses search for in their representatives. This permits the representatives to discover answers for issues experienced regularly while working with the associations. In this way, powerful critical thinking abilities helps in incredible professional success for the workers. In every division, issues are unavoidable that ascent from everyday exercises. In this manner, when issues emerge, the businesses anticipate that the workers should step up to the plate and create reasonable answers for beat the circumstances. The businesses assess and examine the critical thinking abilities inside the representatives regardless of whether it not referenced straightforwardly. Critical thinking expertise is characterized as the consistent and nonexistent methodology that permits the representatives to understand the circumstance and create or recommend a clever answer for the issue. This report fundamentally assess es the critical thinking aptitudes of the workers, as this helps the associations in improving their general execution. Compromise as a critical thinking aptitude Compromise is the most widely recognized deterrent experienced by the associations. The authoritative means assorted variety, as representatives from various social foundation, ethnicity and convictions work in a similar spot. As every individual worker is unique, their points of view likewise contrast generally (Elena Losa Iglesias Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo 2012). Subsequently, issues are often seen inside the associations and the groups. The principle duty of an expert director in banking part is to guarantee smooth tasks, showcasing, preparing and organization by dodging clashes among the representatives. My earnest obligation is to stay away from clashes among the heating workers while offering effective assistance to the clients as far as loaning, activities, organizations and security. This will help in making a positive workplace and improve the nature of banking administration gave by the bank. As remarked by Chan, Sit Lau (2014), compromise is characterized as the conceptualized and minimized procedures and techniques are attempted so as to advance and build up the tranquil condition. Compromise as my critical thinking ability is helpful, as this permits smooth tasks inside the financial area. Compromise helps in making a solid workplace for the representatives inside the bank. As a financial administrator, I have distinguished a few issues that bring about clashes among the colleagues. The financial workers originate from various foundation and convictions that bring about unmistakable points of view and perspectives of seeing things and doing undertakings. In this way, it is obvious that contentions because of alternate points of view will emerge while giving financial help. My compromise capacity as the critical thinking expertise accordingly helps in settling clashes and proceeding with the obligations suitably. Compromise will help in concurring on a specific point and continue with the work. In banking segment, the various clients accompany various issues that should be taken care of remarkably. At such examples, struggle emerges because of unmistakable inclinations between the directors, the financial representatives and the clients (Tobias, Mair Barbosa-Leiker 2013). Notwithstanding, strife in banking segment likewise emerges because of miscommunication between the administrators, the workers and the clients. My critical thinking aptitude is significant for todays directors as this aides in settling clashes. At the point when clashes emerge, I will in general recognize the wellspring of the contention. This encourages me to have a superior comprehension of the contention and decide if the contention is actually an issue or not. As indicated by Clavelle, OGrady Drenkard (2013), tolerance is the way to determine clashes. Accordingly, being tolerance encourages in tuning in to the gathering s associated with the contention without making any earlier decisions. This permits being predisposition and not affected by the gatherings engaged with the contention. When the wellspring of the contention has been distinguished, the capacity to look past the occurrence is critical. This is on the grounds that regularly that the circumstance isn't the explanation of the contention however the points of view of the people are the consequence of the contention. Evidently, the wellspring of the contention have happened a very long time back however by and by the degree of stress has mounted to a degree that both the gatherings have begun assaulting one another. For instance, in banking segment struggle may emerge between the supervisors and the representatives because of contrast in the points of view of doing a specific errand. Such clashes between the financial chiefs and the representatives hamper the tasks inside the bank. Thusly, my capacity to look past the wellspring of the contention is significant for todays administrators. This permits me to give chance to both the gatherings to accomplish their targets. As referenced by Twigg McCullough (20 14), obliging system is characterized as the capacity of the people to go past to be loved ones. Accordingly, my obliging technique for compromise helps in being a companion and approach the gatherings associated with the contention. I utilize a comparative methodology while settling clashes among me and the representatives and the clients now and again. My methodology and demeanor towards compromise are one of a kind and significant as a financial director. As referenced by Theisen Sandau (2013), compromise in banking area improves the administrations gave by the banks to the clients. A well disposed and positive methodology helps in making a feeling of regard, care and warmth between the workers and the clients. Subsequently, banking representatives feel they have every others back while offering support. This feeling of regard and humbleness between the representatives and towards the clients permits the workers to be sympathetic and aware towards clients while serving the clients in the bank. Because of my capacity to determine struggle, I bolster the representatives in finishing their every day obligations fittingly. For instance, if a representative is occupied at the counter, another worker plays out his obligation for his sake for that time being. Compromise helps in setting up an inviting and positive workplace. Positive workplace upgrades the quality and adequacy of administration gave by the financial representatives (McDonald et al., 2012). My capacity of compromise by distinguishing the wellspring of the contention and looking past the source has guaranteed fitting and productive support of the financial clients. I have had the option to give the previously mentioned qualities towards my workers that have altogether helped in diminishing the quantity of contentions in the bank. Thus, the workers convey adequately and organize the other party first while giving financial assistance. In this manner, this has helped in improving the administration gave by the representatives and is reflected in the administration of the financial activity, organizations and the fulfillment level of the clients alongside the workers (Barsky, 2016). Noteworthiness of compromise Compromise assumes a pivotal job in banking area, as this aides in making a positive workplace. It is my obligation and duty to determine clashes and build up a positive workplace. As referenced by Iacobucci et al., (2013), positive workplace propels the representatives to perform better. Along these lines, compromise will help in making a well disposed and positive workplace. This will permit the workers to speak with one another with no grievance and resentment against one another. Therefore, the workers will know about the things that have been done or should be done inside the bank. Compromise likewise helps in building up powerful correspondence with one another. Be that as it may, as contended by Choi, Linquist Song (2014), correspondence is the key for fruitful assistance gave in the financial part. For instance, if strife perseveres between the administrators and the representatives, it is extremely hard for the workers to work in the bank viably and work alongside the supervisors. As referenced by Riley (2015), powerful correspondence between the supervisors, the representatives and the clients help them in sharing a nearby bond and have a superior comprehension of every others request and desires. Aside from compelling correspondence between the directors and the representatives, viable correspondence is additionally noteworthy between the workers and among the workers and the clients. In any case, as reprimanded by OHagan et al., (2014), viable correspondence between the representatives helps free progression of data. For instance, if the contention between the representatives endures, they will be reluctant in imparting. Thus, sharing important data about the financial activities and organization will be hampered. As a result of contention, a worker probably won't think that its basic to illuminate another representative who is absent about data circled by the administrator. Accordingly, the clueless worker will keep on directing assignment as before that will hamper the financial assistance and the connection between the supervisor and the representatives and between the representatives. Consequently, compromise in banking helps in maintaining a strategic distance from such occurrences and improving the nature of administration for the clients. My capacity to decrease and alleviate compromise in the financial setting has helped in improving the nature of administration gave to the clients. This is significant for the director, as this has helped in increasing upper hand for the financial association too. End In this report, it tends to be reasoned that the capacity of compromise as the critical thinking ability is significant for me as a financial chief. Conflic

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for OCD Treatment

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for OCD Treatment OCD Treatment Print Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for OCD Treatment By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 Monty Rakusen / Getty Images More in OCD Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Although there are currently a number of effective medical and psychological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD), if you have treatment-resistant OCD you may be looking for new ways to treat your  symptoms. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, has received considerable attention as a possible alternative treatment to reduce OCD symptoms. Although first developed nearly 30 years ago as a  tool to treat  major depression, TMS has now been widely investigated for effectiveness in treating a variety of mental illnesses. The two types commonly used for mental illness are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Repetitive TMS is the predecessor to dTMS and is a relatively non-invasive procedure that involves placing a small device directly on the skull. This sealed device contains a coil of wire that carries electricity through the magnetic field that it generates. Its called repetitive because it pulses rather than remaining steady. The flow of electricity through the device stimulates cells in the brain called neurons, changing their activity levels. The activity level of neurons has been linked to symptoms of mental illness, like OCD.  How many rTMS treatments you would need depends on the treatment protocol, and would be discussed by you and your doctor prior to starting your treatment.   While there have been some reports of rTMS being effective in reducing  OCD symptoms, the majority of research findings indicate that rTMS is not effective in reducing OCD symptoms alone or in combination with medication. Repetitive TMS may indirectly improve the psychological well-being of people  coping with OCD  by reducing the symptoms of depression that often go along with OCD. Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Like rTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation also uses a coil placed directly on the skull, which creates a magnetic field penetrating the brain. The biggest difference between the two types is that the coil used with dTMS, called an H-coil, allows the pulse to penetrate more deeply into the brain. Deep TMS is showing a lot of potential over rTMS in treating mental illness. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved both rTMS and dTMS for the treatment of major depressive disorder and studies are being done on their efficacy for OCD and other mental illnesses, like bipolar disorder, as well. Deep TMS might have the most to offer in cases where OCD is difficult to treat. One study showed that people with  treatment-resistant OCD  who received dTMs had significant improvements in their symptoms. The results were steady for three months. Potential Side Effects TMS is generally considered safe when used in accordance with established guidelines. After undergoing TMS, you may have headaches, feel sleepy, and experience other mild, short-term symptoms.  Epileptic  seizures  are a more serious, although rare, side  effect of rTMS.   Although TMS for OCD has been looked at in a number of studies, the stimulation parameters used, the brain areas targeted, and the length of treatment has varied from study to study, making it difficult to compare results. While research continues to look at the effect of TMS on OCD, a standard protocol will help researchers determine the effectiveness of rTMS for OCD more conclusively.

Standardized Tests Term Paper - 2200 Words

Standardized Tests (Term Paper Sample) Content: Name:Course:Instructor:Date:Standardized TestingThe education system in the 21st century has been widely guided by the use of standardized tests (Haney, Madaus Lyon 1). The pressure for standardized testing scores has been building from all quotas of the education sector. The community and the school administrators have been leveling mounting pressure on the teachers to deliver in the state tests. Teachers drawn from various states have been struggling with the pressure of ensuring that their schools reputation was regarded high by the general community. The community could get information about the schools performance, from discussions of the school rankings and scores published in the dailies. Other teachers are struggling with the pressure from the district officials who demand that their schools perform well in the standardized tests. This paper seeks to access the standardized testing methods used in student evaluation. Moreover, the paper will examine the curre nt controversies and criticisms surrounding the use of standardized testing.Standardized TestsThe North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL) refers to the standardized tests as tests that could be administered under specified conditions (The NCREL 1). Some of the conditions that must be specified before the test could be administered include the place, the time and the time duration that the learners will be taking in responding to the questions. Standardized tests could be administered in two forms; individualized and group evaluation tests. The state assessment for No Child Left Behind (NCLB), is an example of a standardized test designed to assess a large group of individuals. The others are individual-based. They are administered to enable the teacher to identify the learning needs of the specific student under the education program.Standardized tests can be administered in the form of a series of questions against multiple choice answers that the learner would fil l out and then be graded once the answers are marked. The graded result will be used to evaluate the performance of the individual learner against other learners. It can also be used to measure the performance of the individual student against the established standards. Further, the results can be used to assess the progress of the institution of learning in which the student took the test. The test result can also be used in assessing the individual students ability to attend institution of higher learning thereby ensuring that the student is placed in programs that suit their learning abilities. Forms of Standardized TestingEducation assessment could take various forms. The children would be assessed using various tests. The tests may include formal tests and normal tests. The formal assessments could be carried out to help in comparing the children population. They would also be used in ensuring the individual childrens performance evaluation. The tests are progressive and could be used to ascertain the learning progress of the students.Intelligent testing can be administered on individual learners. The test is carried out to establish the Intelligent Quotient (IQ) of the individual student. This test cannot be administered on groups since it will be difficult to establish and qualify the IQ of a group of individuals. The results of this test are normally used in screening the students for other programs. The results will also enhance the teachers efficiency in designing appropriate programs for the students with specified learning needs and this will improve the learning process of the individual students.The other assessment test administered on students under the education program is the individualized achievement test. This test is criterion-referenced and is carried out on the individual learners to establish whether the individual student achieved certain specified concepts. The criterion upon which the student would be assessed is predetermined. The learner will then be assessed against those pre-determined standards and the deviations recorded. The result of this test is instrumental when the teacher will be preparing an educational program that is geared towards enabling the students attain the set standards.Tests of functional behavior will also be administered in assessing the progress of children under the education program. This test will be carried out on children with severe cognitive and autism problems. The test will help the teacher to identify the necessary functional areas that the children must learn to be able to gain functional independence. The results of this test will enable the teacher to develop programs that will ensure that the student focus on attaining their lacking functional skill. This will ensure an improvement in the learning process of the student with functional deficiency.Another criterion-based assessment that could be administered to the students with education needs will be the curriculum-bas ed assessment. The test is designed to aid teachers in establishing the curriculum coverage of the student. The test is formative in nature, and therefore, will ensure the formative evaluation. The teacher will use the results of this test in designing a program that will aid the student curriculum-information retention. This will ensure that the learners attain deeper understanding of the curriculum.The other test that can be used to establish the learning level of the students under the education program is the teacher-made assessment. In this test, the teacher will design a task upon which the student will be measured. The teacher will also provide the learners with all the necessary materials for the test. The students will then undertake the test, and their performance will be recorded. The teacher will use the result of such tests to identify the learning needs in the task under consideration. Current Controversies with Standardized TestingThere have been controversies surroun ding standardized testing in the contemporary education sector. Many parents and students have criticized the sole reference to the results of standardized test in making major decisions. They are against high-stakes testing.High-Stakes TestingWhen standardized testing results are used as the single base for decision-making, then high-stakes testing is said to have taken place. The practice has been highly condemned by the parents, as well as the educators. They propose that the results of the standardized test be only considered among the many other factors that could influence the major decision. The result should not underestimate the importance of the other factors such as in-class performance, and/or class work (Airasian 396).The practice of high-stakes testing has been associated with stress-related problems affecting the students and the other stakeholders including parents and the administration. Research shows that the stress caused by high-stakes testing has, in some circu mstances, led to psychological dependency. The thought that individual performance on one unit is likely to affect the lifestyle of the individual is opposed by many, including educators themselves. These opposing parties criticize the high-stakes testing methodology. Most educators have noted that high-stakes testing leads to poor and/or moderated learning. Given the pressure for standardized testing and its use in assessment of the schools performance, the talented teachers are normally forced to teach students to the tests. They will focus their teaching in making the students pass exams. In many cases, this will lead to poor curriculum coverage and the student will not achieve their learning goals but the goals of the high-stakes testing.Some people are of the opinion that many students who have undergone high-stakes testing have not been able to successively complete their high school education or proceed with the programs of higher learning that they could be interested in. In this regard, many parents have been campaigning against the high-stakes testing saying that it denies the children their personal freedom and independence to choose what is best for their career. In addition to these claims against high-stakes testing, standardized testing has received numerous criticisms ranging from the fact that it fails to measure the students critical thinking abilities and/or creativity. It has been established that if students who are very intelligent perform poorly in the high-stakes testing, their psychological stability could be affected. This could be because of the high expectations placed on them. They collapse under the pressure shouldered on them to perform well (Johnson D. 96).Advantages of Standardized TestsStandardized testing is designed to restrain subjective elements of assessment. The proponents of standardized testing methods argue that the method ensures the objective measurement of the learners. The standardization of the grading ensures t hat the test scores appear the same thereby removing the bias as a result of the learner (Phelps 113). These tests are also easy to administer. They save the assessor as well as the one being assessed a lot of time. The standardized tests are quite convenient as they can even be administered on line (Lovler, Miller and McIntire 97). The proponents argue that standardized tests present a better prediction of how well the students performed in the schools in which they got admission. Research has shown that standardized test results provide a better prediction to future performance of students when they progress to institutions of higher learning compared to other methods such as interviews.In addition to the fact that standardized test results could be generalized, the aggregation method of evaluating large groups of learners could provide an accurate basis of ... Standardized Tests Term Paper - 2200 Words Standardized Tests (Term Paper Sample) Content: Name:Course:Instructor:Date:Standardized TestingThe education system in the 21st century has been widely guided by the use of standardized tests (Haney, Madaus Lyon 1). The pressure for standardized testing scores has been building from all quotas of the education sector. The community and the school administrators have been leveling mounting pressure on the teachers to deliver in the state tests. Teachers drawn from various states have been struggling with the pressure of ensuring that their schools reputation was regarded high by the general community. The community could get information about the schools performance, from discussions of the school rankings and scores published in the dailies. Other teachers are struggling with the pressure from the district officials who demand that their schools perform well in the standardized tests. This paper seeks to access the standardized testing methods used in student evaluation. Moreover, the paper will examine the curre nt controversies and criticisms surrounding the use of standardized testing.Standardized TestsThe North Central Regional Educational Laboratory (NCREL) refers to the standardized tests as tests that could be administered under specified conditions (The NCREL 1). Some of the conditions that must be specified before the test could be administered include the place, the time and the time duration that the learners will be taking in responding to the questions. Standardized tests could be administered in two forms; individualized and group evaluation tests. The state assessment for No Child Left Behind (NCLB), is an example of a standardized test designed to assess a large group of individuals. The others are individual-based. They are administered to enable the teacher to identify the learning needs of the specific student under the education program.Standardized tests can be administered in the form of a series of questions against multiple choice answers that the learner would fil l out and then be graded once the answers are marked. The graded result will be used to evaluate the performance of the individual learner against other learners. It can also be used to measure the performance of the individual student against the established standards. Further, the results can be used to assess the progress of the institution of learning in which the student took the test. The test result can also be used in assessing the individual students ability to attend institution of higher learning thereby ensuring that the student is placed in programs that suit their learning abilities. Forms of Standardized TestingEducation assessment could take various forms. The children would be assessed using various tests. The tests may include formal tests and normal tests. The formal assessments could be carried out to help in comparing the children population. They would also be used in ensuring the individual childrens performance evaluation. The tests are progressive and could be used to ascertain the learning progress of the students.Intelligent testing can be administered on individual learners. The test is carried out to establish the Intelligent Quotient (IQ) of the individual student. This test cannot be administered on groups since it will be difficult to establish and qualify the IQ of a group of individuals. The results of this test are normally used in screening the students for other programs. The results will also enhance the teachers efficiency in designing appropriate programs for the students with specified learning needs and this will improve the learning process of the individual students.The other assessment test administered on students under the education program is the individualized achievement test. This test is criterion-referenced and is carried out on the individual learners to establish whether the individual student achieved certain specified concepts. The criterion upon which the student would be assessed is predetermined. The learner will then be assessed against those pre-determined standards and the deviations recorded. The result of this test is instrumental when the teacher will be preparing an educational program that is geared towards enabling the students attain the set standards.Tests of functional behavior will also be administered in assessing the progress of children under the education program. This test will be carried out on children with severe cognitive and autism problems. The test will help the teacher to identify the necessary functional areas that the children must learn to be able to gain functional independence. The results of this test will enable the teacher to develop programs that will ensure that the student focus on attaining their lacking functional skill. This will ensure an improvement in the learning process of the student with functional deficiency.Another criterion-based assessment that could be administered to the students with education needs will be the curriculum-bas ed assessment. The test is designed to aid teachers in establishing the curriculum coverage of the student. The test is formative in nature, and therefore, will ensure the formative evaluation. The teacher will use the results of this test in designing a program that will aid the student curriculum-information retention. This will ensure that the learners attain deeper understanding of the curriculum.The other test that can be used to establish the learning level of the students under the education program is the teacher-made assessment. In this test, the teacher will design a task upon which the student will be measured. The teacher will also provide the learners with all the necessary materials for the test. The students will then undertake the test, and their performance will be recorded. The teacher will use the result of such tests to identify the learning needs in the task under consideration. Current Controversies with Standardized TestingThere have been controversies surroun ding standardized testing in the contemporary education sector. Many parents and students have criticized the sole reference to the results of standardized test in making major decisions. They are against high-stakes testing.High-Stakes TestingWhen standardized testing results are used as the single base for decision-making, then high-stakes testing is said to have taken place. The practice has been highly condemned by the parents, as well as the educators. They propose that the results of the standardized test be only considered among the many other factors that could influence the major decision. The result should not underestimate the importance of the other factors such as in-class performance, and/or class work (Airasian 396).The practice of high-stakes testing has been associated with stress-related problems affecting the students and the other stakeholders including parents and the administration. Research shows that the stress caused by high-stakes testing has, in some circu mstances, led to psychological dependency. The thought that individual performance on one unit is likely to affect the lifestyle of the individual is opposed by many, including educators themselves. These opposing parties criticize the high-stakes testing methodology. Most educators have noted that high-stakes testing leads to poor and/or moderated learning. Given the pressure for standardized testing and its use in assessment of the schools performance, the talented teachers are normally forced to teach students to the tests. They will focus their teaching in making the students pass exams. In many cases, this will lead to poor curriculum coverage and the student will not achieve their learning goals but the goals of the high-stakes testing.Some people are of the opinion that many students who have undergone high-stakes testing have not been able to successively complete their high school education or proceed with the programs of higher learning that they could be interested in. In this regard, many parents have been campaigning against the high-stakes testing saying that it denies the children their personal freedom and independence to choose what is best for their career. In addition to these claims against high-stakes testing, standardized testing has received numerous criticisms ranging from the fact that it fails to measure the students critical thinking abilities and/or creativity. It has been established that if students who are very intelligent perform poorly in the high-stakes testing, their psychological stability could be affected. This could be because of the high expectations placed on them. They collapse under the pressure shouldered on them to perform well (Johnson D. 96).Advantages of Standardized TestsStandardized testing is designed to restrain subjective elements of assessment. The proponents of standardized testing methods argue that the method ensures the objective measurement of the learners. The standardization of the grading ensures t hat the test scores appear the same thereby removing the bias as a result of the learner (Phelps 113). These tests are also easy to administer. They save the assessor as well as the one being assessed a lot of time. The standardized tests are quite convenient as they can even be administered on line (Lovler, Miller and McIntire 97). The proponents argue that standardized tests present a better prediction of how well the students performed in the schools in which they got admission. Research has shown that standardized test results provide a better prediction to future performance of students when they progress to institutions of higher learning compared to other methods such as interviews.In addition to the fact that standardized test results could be generalized, the aggregation method of evaluating large groups of learners could provide an accurate basis of ...