Nonlinear Generalized Companding Transform

nonlinear conclude Companding TransformNonlinear Generalized Companding Transform forPeak-to-Average Power dimension Reduction in OFDMEashendra SinghAbstract angiotensin converting enzyme of the main drawback of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) governance is its broad(prenominal) Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM channelise. In this report card a novel non-linear generalized companding precis tendered Quadrilateral Companding Transform (QCT) has been proposed to tighten up the PAPR of OFDM steer. The proposed method provides additional degrees of emancipation in comparison to existing trapezoidal companding, exp singlential companding and trapezium scattering based companding lineations. This allows more flexibility in designing the companding subroutine, which is useful for the overall OFDM system to strive low BER with good PAPR reduction capability.Keywords antonymous cumulative scattering function(CCDF), peak-to-average ability b alance (PAPR), incorporeal relative frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), bit defect rate (BER).INTRODUCTIONThe modern day phenomenon of increased thirst for more information and the explosive ingathering of new mul sentencedia radio applications bring resulted in an increased demand for technologies that support truly elevated speed transmission rates, mobility and efficiently utilize the available spectrum and network resources. OFDM is one of the best solutions to carry out this ending and it put ups a promising choice for future high speed data rate systems 1, 2. OFDM has been standardized as part of the IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g for high bit rate data transmission over wireless LANs 3. It is incorporated in other applications and standards such as digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), the European HIPERLAN/2 and the Japanese multimedia mobile access communications (MMAC) 4, 5. However, a major drawback of FDM systems is the high p eak-to-average condition dimension (PAPR) of the transmitted signals, resulting in the lower power efficiency, serious signal distortion and out-of-band radiation when the high power amplifier (HPA) is utilized.Many companding schemes 17-23 have been proposed in the literature to reduce the PAPR of OFDM signal. The conventional law and A-law companding schemes cigarette be used for PAPR reduction, by choosing the suitable value of the parameters or A, controlling the nonlinearity of the -law 17 or A -law companding function respectively. except the error performance of both the schemes degrades as both of them introduce high companding distortion in OFDM signal at higher values of or A. A nonlinear companding substitute 18 has been proposed by Jiang et al. to effectively reduce the PAPR of the OFDM signal. In this scheme 18, the Gaussian distributed in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of distinguishable time complex OFDM signal are transformed into a quasi-un iform dispersal. In this scheme, the companding function is separately utilize to I and Q components of the OFDM signal. The large values of I or Q components of the OFDM signal are compressed, whereas those with small I and Q components are enlarged. The PAPR reduction capability and BER performance of this scheme 18, can be optimized by properly choosing the parameters of the companding function. Jiang et al. proposed Exponential Companding (EC) scheme 19 to transform Rayleigh distributed OFDM signal magnitude into uniform distribution. Exponential companding has the reinforcement of maintaining the constant average power level in the nonlinear companding operation. However, the distribution of large signals is increased by the uniform companding, which makes the PAPR reduction was very limited under the bit error rate (BER) performance degradation. In this paper proposed technique transform the Rayleigh distributed OFDM signal magnitude into Quadrilateral distribution function as shown in figure 2 to achieve an additional degree of freedom over TC 22. The parameters of quad distribution are chosen in such a way that it produces least possible companding distortion to achieve low BER for a given PAPR.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows In section II, the OFDM system model with tetragon companding. The proposed quadrilateral companding and decompanding functions are derived in section III. Mathematical analysis of the PAPR performance of proposed scheme is presented in section IV, simulation results for PAPR performances of the proposed scheme are presented and discussed in the same section and conclusion is summarized in section V.SYSTEM MODELThe block diagram of an OFDM system using companding scheme for PAPR reduction is shown in Fig. 1. Here, I have considered an OFDM system with N subcarriers, in which each of the subcarrier is each of the subcarrier is modulated by M-PSK or M-QAM. As shown in infix 1.The input binary data sequence i s first born-again into N parallel data substreams and then these are mapped to the constellation points of M- PSK or M-QAM to achieve desired modulation on each of the subcarriers. After this, subcarrier modulation is performed using IFFT block to obtain the discrete time domain OFDM signal. allow be the N complex modulated data symbols to be transmitted over N subcarriers. The discrete time domain OFDM signal generated by and by taking IFFT of a block of N modulated data symbols. Discrete time domain OFDM signal is passed through the parallel to serial (S/P) converter and then applied to the compander for reducing the dynamic range or PAPR of the OFDM signal. The companded OFDM signal is applied to digital to analog (D/A) converter to check analog signal and then finally amplified using HPA. At the receiver, the standard signal is first converted into digital signal using A/D converter.Data inData outFigure 1. Block diagram of OFDM with compandingThe digital signal is then e xpanded by inverse companding function know as decomapnding function. After that subcarrier demodulation is performed by taking the FFT of OFDM signal obtained from expander. Finally, M-PSK or M-QAM decoder is used to decode the received data signal. PROPOSED COMPANDING TECHNIQUEThe quadrilateral companding function h(x) is a nonlinear companding function. It transforms the original probability distribution function of OFDM signal magnitude into a quadrilateral distribution as shown in Figure 2, and hence the hang Quadrilateral Companding Transform.This may also be called nonlinear generalized companding transform.Figure 2. Quadrilateral distribution for proposed QCTThe symbols notation used throughout this paper are listed in Table 1 for convenience.Table 1 List of symbols used in QCTkth modulated data symbolnth sample of discrete time domain OFDM SignalPDF of original OFDM signal (without companding)CDF of original OFDM signal (without companding)PDF of OFDM signal after compandi ngCDF of OFDM signal after compandingUpper-bound of the peak value of OFDM signalQuadrilateral Companding functionQuadrilateral Decompanding functionThe pdf of quadrilateral trapezium distribution can be read from Figure 2 aswhere h1 , h2, l, a and b are the parameters of quadrilateral distribution as shown in the Figure 2.These parameters (h1 , h2, l, a and b) control the nonlinearity of the companding functions. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of quadrilateral distribution function can be calculated using the following relationship(2)Using (1) and (2) we haveQuadrilateral distribution function is bounded in the interval 0,l. Like EC, TC and TDBC, in this scheme also average power of the OFDM signal before and after companding is kept same, therefore we have(3)As shown in Figure 2, the PDF of quadrilateral trapezium companded OFDM signal lies in the interval 0,l , therefore, we have,(4)For given values of l, a and b, the parameters ( h1 , h2 ) of the companding function h(x) can be easily calculated using (3) and (4). thusly, three parameters (l, a and b ) can be chosen independently to control the nonlinearity of companding function h(x) . Hence the proposed QCT has three degree of freedoms. The values of l, a and b should be chosen independently to provide low PAPR and BER.The expression of QCT function h(x) can be derived after equating the CDF of original and companded OFDM signal. Therefore, we haveWhere is the CDF of original OFDM signal given by following (5)Therefore we haveThe output of the N-point Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) of are the OFDM signal sample over one symbol interval, or mathematically,Where E . denotes the expectation operator.PERFORMANCE ANALYSISIn 22, the PAPR and BER performance of TC has been evaluated for (a = 0.4,b = 0.1 and l = 1.633) , (a = 0.2,b = 0.7 and l = 2.164) , (a = 0,b = 0 and l = 1.732) , (a = 0.9, b = 0.1 and l = 1.488) and (a = 0,b = 1 and l = 2.449) , here we refer to them as TC-1, TC-2, EC, TC-3 and TC-4 respectively. In 22, it has been shown that TC-3 provides the best PAPR reduction capability among all the cases under consideration, but its BER performance is very poor, on the other extreme TC-4 provides very less PAPR reduction. Therefore, we ignore these two cases (TC-3 and TC-4) and the remaining three cases i.e. (TC-1, TC-2 and EC), which offer reasonable PAPR are considered in my simulations for comparison with the proposed scheme.To show the outperformance of the proposed scheme (QCT), the PAPR and BER performances are evaluated for two sets of companding function parameters i.e. (a = 0.2,b = 0.7,l = 2.174, h1 = 0.8596 and h2 = 0.8275) and (a = 0.4,b = 0.1,l = 1.643, h1 = 0.8276 and h2 = 0.7874) . Here, we call them as QCT-1 and QCT-2.Figure 3. PAPR performance comparision of original and companded signalFigure 4. BER performance comparison of variouscompanding schemes finisThe QCT provides extra degrees of freedom to design the companding function and hence by choosing the suitable values of design parameters of the proposed companding function, a good trade-off between the PAPR reduction and the BER can be achieved. The proposed QCT provides better PAPR reduction and BER performance in comparison to TC, EC and TDBC. QCT can achieve a minimum PAPR of 0dB, whereas TC and EC can achieve a minimum PAPR of 3dB and 4.771dB respectively. QCT-2 has superior PAPR performance in comparison to QCT-1 but its BER performance is inferior in comparison to QCT-1.ReferencesL. J. Cimini, Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, IEEE Trans. Comm., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 665675, July 1985.J. Bingham, Multicarrier modulation for data transmission an idea whose time has come, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 514, may 1990.M. 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